Class 10 Science - Complete Notes
Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations
Key Concepts: Types of reactions (combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, redox), balancing chemical equations, effects of oxidation in daily life.
- Example Reaction: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO (combination)
- Redox Reaction: Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
- Rusting: Fe + O₂ + H₂O → Fe₂O₃·xH₂O
Chapter 2: Acids, Bases, and Salts
Key Concepts: Properties, reactions, pH scale, common salts.
- Acid + Base: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
- pH Importance: Human body ~7.4, acid rain ~5.6
- Salts: NaCl, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, bleaching powder, washing soda, baking soda.
Chapter 3: Metals and Non-Metals
Key Concepts: Physical and chemical properties, extraction of metals, corrosion, prevention.
- Reactivity Series: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Ag > Au
- Corrosion: Rusting of iron, prevention by galvanization, painting.
Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
Key Concepts: Covalent bonding, versatile nature of carbon, hydrocarbons, functional groups, soaps, detergents.
- Covalent bond: Sharing of electrons (H₂, CH₄)
- Homologous series: Same functional group, CH₂ difference
- Soaps vs Detergents: Soap = biodegradable; detergent = works in hard water.
Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements
Key Concepts: Mendeleev’s table, modern periodic table, periodic trends.
- Trends: Atomic size ↓ across a period, ↑ down a group; metallic character ↑ down a group.
- Groups: Columns; Periods: Rows.
Chapter 6: Life Processes
Key Concepts: Nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion in plants and animals.
- Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
- Respiration: Breakdown of glucose to release energy (aerobic/anaerobic)
- Transportation: Blood, xylem, phloem.
Chapter 7: Control and Coordination
Key Concepts: Nervous system, hormones, coordination in plants and animals.
- Neurons: Dendrite, axon, synapse.
- Hormones: Auxin (plants), insulin, thyroxine (animals).
Chapter 8: How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Key Concepts: Modes of reproduction, sexual reproduction in plants/animals, human reproductive system.
- Asexual: Fission, fragmentation, budding, spore formation.
- Sexual: Flowers, pollination, fertilization, zygote formation.
Chapter 9: Heredity and Evolution
Key Concepts: Mendel’s laws, sex determination, evolution evidence.
- Law of segregation: Each trait controlled by pair of alleles.
- Evolution: Fossils, homologous organs, DNA studies.
Chapter 10: Light – Reflection and Refraction
Key Concepts: Reflection, refraction, spherical mirrors, lenses, mirror formula.
- Mirror formula: 1/f =1/v +1/u
- Lenses: Convex, concave; image formation, magnification.
Chapter 11: Human Eye and Colourful World
Key Concepts: Structure of eye, defects, atmospheric refraction, scattering of light.
- Defects: Myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, corrected by lenses.
- Phenomena: Rainbow, blue sky, red sunset.
Chapter 12: Electricity
Key Concepts: Ohm’s law, resistance, series and parallel circuits, heating effect.
- Ohm’s law: V = IR
- Resistors: Rₜₒₜ = R₁ + R₂ (series); 1/Rₜₒₜ =1/R₁ +1/R₂ (parallel)
- Power: P = VI = I²R
Chapter 13: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Key Concepts: Magnetic field, field lines, right-hand thumb rule, electromagnetic induction.
- Applications: Electric motor, generator, transformer.
Chapter 14: Sources of Energy
Key Concepts: Conventional and non-conventional sources, fossil fuels, renewable energy.
- Examples: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass.
- Importance: Sustainability, environmental impact.
Chapter 15: Our Environment
Key Concepts: Ecosystem, food chain, waste management, ozone layer.
- Biodegradable vs Non-biodegradable: Impact on environment.
- Ozone depletion: CFCs role, prevention strategies.
Chapter 16: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
Key Concepts: Conservation, reduce-reuse-recycle, case studies (forests, wildlife, dams).
- Examples: Chipko movement, rainwater harvesting, water conservation.